@Preamble{ " \newcommand{\noop}[1]{} " }

% a do-nothing command that serves a purpose %https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/31384/how-to-enter-publications-in-press-or-submitted-to-in-bibtex

@incollection{acemoglu2011,
  title={Skills, tasks and technologies: {I}mplications for employment and earnings},
  author={Acemoglu, Daron and Autor, David},
  booktitle={Handbook of Labor Economics},
  editor = {Card, David and Ashenfelter, Orley},
  volume={4B},
  pages={1043--1171},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Elsevier},
  address={Amsterdam}
}

@article{acemoglu2011coercion,
  title={The economics of labor coercion},
  author={Acemoglu, Daron and Wolitzky, Alexander},
  journal={Econometrica},
  volume={79},
  number={2},
  pages={555--600},
  year={2011},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@techreport{backus2021,
  title={Common ownership and competition in the ready-to-eat cereal industry},
  author={Backus, Matthew and Conlon, Christopher and Sinkinson, Michael},
  year={2021},
  institution={National Bureau of Economic Research},
  type={Working paper}
}

@book{blomme1992,
  title={The economic development of {B}elgian agriculture, 1880-1980. {A} quantitaitve and qualitative analysis},
  author={Blomme, Jan P},
  year={1992},
  publisher={Leuven University Press},
  address={Leuven}
}

@article{antras2003,
  title={Factor prices and productivity growth during the {British Industrial Revolution}},
  author={Antras, Pol and Voth, Hans-Joachim},
  journal={Explorations in Economic history},
  volume={40},
  number={1},
  pages={52--77},
  year={2003},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{dobbelaere2013,
  title={Panel data estimates of the production function and product and labor market imperfections},
  author={Dobbelaere, Sabien and Mairesse, Jacques},
  journal={Journal of Applied Econometrics},
  volume={28},
  number={1},
  pages={1--46},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{braguinsky2015,
  title={Acquisitions, productivity, and profitability: {E}vidence from the {J}apanese cotton spinning industry},
  author={Braguinsky, Serguey and Ohyama, Atsushi and Okazaki, Tetsuji and Syverson, Chad},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={105},
  number={7},
  pages={2086--2119},
  year={2015}
}

@article{acemoglu2018,
  title={The race between man and machine: {I}mplications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment},
  author={Acemoglu, Daron and Restrepo, Pascual},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={108},
  number={6},
  pages={1488--1542},
  year={2018}
}

@article{acemoglu2019,
  title={Automation and new tasks: {H}ow technology displaces and reinstates labor},
  author={Acemoglu, Daron and Restrepo, Pascual},
  journal={Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume={33},
  number={2},
  pages={3--30},
  year={2019}
}

@article{acemoglu2020,
  title={Robots and jobs: {E}vidence from {US} labor markets},
  author={Acemoglu, Daron and Restrepo, Pascual},
  journal={Journal of Political Economy},
  volume={128},
  number={6},
  pages={2188--2244},
  year={2020},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL}
}

@article{ackerberg2015,
author = {Ackerberg, Daniel A. and Caves, Kevin and Frazer, Garth},
title = {Identification Properties of Recent Production Function Estimators},
journal = {Econometrica},
volume = {83},
number = {6},
pages = {2411-2451},
keywords = {Production functions, productivity, total factor productivity, productivity growth},
abstract = {This paper examines some of the recent literature on the estimation of production functions. We focus on techniques suggested in two recent papers, Olley and Pakes (1996) and Levinsohn and Petrin (2003). While there are some solid and intuitive identification ideas in these papers, we argue that the techniques can suffer from functional dependence problems. We suggest an alternative approach that is based on the ideas in these papers, but does not suffer from the functional dependence problems and produces consistent estimates under alternative data generating processes for which the original procedures do not.},
year = {2015}
}

@techreport{alechilet2021,
  title={Colluding against environmental regulation},
  author={Al{\'e}-Chilet, Jorge and Chen, Cuicui and Li, Jing and Reynaert, Mathias},
  year={2021},
  type={Working paper},
  publisher={TSE Working Paper}
}

@book{allen2009global,
  title={The {British Industrial Revolution} in Global Perspective},
  author={Allen, Robert C},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press},
  address={Cambridge},
}

@article{allen2009engels,
  title={{Engels' Pause}: {T}echnical change, capital accumulation, and inequality in the {British Industrial Revolution}},
  author={Allen, Robert C},
  journal={Explorations in Economic History},
  volume={46},
  number={4},
  pages={418--435},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{autor2008,
  title={Trends in {US} wage inequality: {R}evising the revisionists},
  author={Autor, David H and Katz, Lawrence F and Kearney, Melissa S},
  journal={The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume={90},
  number={2},
  pages={300--323},
  year={2008},
  publisher={MIT Press}
}

@article{autor2020superstar,
  title={The fall of the labor share and the rise of superstar firms},
  author={Autor, David and Dorn, David and Katz, Lawrence F and Patterson, Christina and Van Reenen, John},
  journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume={135},
  number={2},
  pages={645--709},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{autor2020race,
  title={Extending the Race between Education and Technology},
  author={Autor, David H and Goldin, Claudia and Katz, Lawrence F},
  journal={AEA Papers \& Proceedings},
  volume={110},
  pages={347--51},
  year={2020}
}

@article{atack2004,
  title={Skill intensity and rising wage dispersion in nineteenth-century {A}merican manufacturing},
  author={Atack, Jeremy and Bateman, Fred and Margo, Robert A},
  journal={The Journal of Economic History},
  volume={64},
  number={1},
  pages={172--192},
  year={2004},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@techreport{azar2019,
  title={Estimating labor market power},
  author={Azar, Jos{\'e} and Berry, Steven and Marinescu, Ioana Elena},
  year={2019},
  type={Working paper},
  institution={IESE Business School}
}

@article{azarforthcoming,
  title={Labor market concentration},
  author={Azar, Jos{\'e} and Marinescu, Ioana and Steinbaum, Marshall},
  journal={Journal of Human Resources},
  year={\noop{3002}forthcoming},
  publisher={University of Wisconsin Press}
}

@TechReport{azar2022,
  author      = {Azar, Jos{\'e} A and Berry, Steven T and Marinescu, Ioana},
  institution = {National Bureau of Economic Research},
  title       = {Estimating labor market power},
  year        = {2022},
  type = {Working paper}
}

@article{barth2016,
  title={It’s where you work: {I}ncreases in the dispersion of earnings across establishments and individuals in the {United States}},
  author={Barth, Erling and Bryson, Alex and Davis, James C and Freeman, Richard},
  journal={Journal of Labor Economics},
  volume={34},
  number={S2},
  pages={S67--S97},
  year={2016},
  publisher={University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL}
}

@article{berry1994,
  title={Estimating discrete-choice models of product differentiation},
  author={Berry, Steven},
  journal={The RAND Journal of Economics},
  pages={242--262},
  year={1994},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{berry1995,
  author =  {Berry, Steven and Levinsohn, J. and Pakes, A.},
  title =   {Automobile prices in market equilibrium},
  journal = {Econometrica},
  year =    {1995},
  volume =  {64},
  number =  {4},
  pages =   {841-890}
}

@article{berry2016,
  title={Optimal product variety in radio markets},
  author={Berry, Steven and Eizenberg, Alon and Waldfogel, Joel},
  journal={The RAND Journal of Economics},
  volume={47},
  number={3},
  pages={463--497},
  year={2016},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{berry2019,
  title={Do increasing markups matter? {L}essons from empirical industrial organization},
  author={Berry, Steven and Gaynor, Martin and Scott Morton, Fiona},
  journal={Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume={33},
  number={3},
  pages={44--68},
  year={2019}
}

@article{bjornerstedt2016,
  title={Does merger simulation work? {E}vidence from the {S}wedish analgesics market},
  author={Bj{\"o}rnerstedt, Jonas and Verboven, Frank},
  journal={American Economic Journal: Applied Economics},
  volume={8},
  number={3},
  pages={125--64},
  year={2016}
}

@article{blundell2000,
  title={{GMM} estimation with persistent panel data: {A}n application to production functions},
  author={Blundell, Richard and Bond, Stephen},
  journal={Econometric Reviews},
  volume={19},
  number={3},
  pages={321--340},
  year={2000},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{boal1995,
  title={Testing for employer monopsony in turn-of-the-century coal mining},
  author={Boal, William M},
  journal={The RAND Journal of Economics},
  pages={519--536},
  year={1995},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@book{boardoftrade1910,
  title={Cost of living in {Belgian} towns. {Report} of an enquiry by the Board of trade into working class rents, housing and retail prices, together with the rates of wages in certain occupations in the principal industrial towns of {Belgium}.},
  author={{Board of Trade}},
  year={1910},
  publisher={Darling \& Son},
  address={London}
}

@book{burgess1975,
  title={The origins of {B}ritish industrial relations: {T}he nineteenth century experience},
  author={Burgess, Keith},
  year={1975},
  publisher={Croom Helm},
  address={London}
}

@article{burhop2009,
  title={Cartels, managerial incentives, and productive efficiency in {G}erman coal mining, 1881--1913},
  author={Burhop, Carsten and L{\"u}bbers, Thorsten},
  journal={The Journal of Economic History},
  volume={69},
  number={2},
  pages={500--527},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{buyst2018,
  title={The Causes of Growth during {Belgium}'s Industrial Revolution},
  author={Buyst, Erik},
  journal={Journal of Interdisciplinary History},
  volume={49},
  number={1},
  pages={71--92},
  year={2018},
  publisher={MIT Press}
}

@article{buyst2018goos,
  title={Job polarization: {A}n historical perspective},
  author={Buyst, Erik and Goos, Maarten and Salomons, Anna},
  journal={Oxford Review of Economic Policy},
  volume={34},
  number={3},
  pages={461--474},
  year={2018},
  publisher={Oxford University Press UK}
}

@incollection{buystforthcoming,
  title={Changes in the occupational structure of {Belgium}: {New} estimates for the 1846--1910 period},
  author={Buyst, Erik},
  booktitle={Occupational structure, industrialization and economic growth in a comparative perspective},
  editor={Saito, Osamu and Shaw-Taylor, Leigh},
  year={\noop{3002}forthcoming},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press},
  address={Cambridge}
}

@article{bresnahan1982,
  title={The oligopoly solution concept is identified},
  author={Bresnahan, Timothy F},
  journal={Economics Letters},
  volume={10},
  number={1-2},
  pages={87--92},
  year={1982},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{bresnahan1987,
  title={Competition and collusion in the {A}merican automobile industry: {T}he 1955 price war},
  author={Bresnahan, Timothy F},
  journal={The Journal of Industrial Economics},
  volume={35},
  number={4},
  pages={457--482},
  year={1987},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@Article{bresnahan1991,
  author    = {Bresnahan, Timothy F and Reiss, Peter C},
  journal   = {Journal of Political Economy},
  title     = {Entry and competition in concentrated markets},
  year      = {1991},
  number    = {5},
  pages     = {977--1009},
  volume    = {99},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
}

@article{brooks2021,
  title={Exploitation of labor? {C}lassical monopsony power and labor's share},
  author={Brooks, Wyatt J and Kaboski, Joseph P and Li, Yao Amber and Qian, Wei},
  journal={Journal of Development Economics},
  volume={150},
  pages={102627},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{benkard2000,
  title={Learning and forgetting: {T}he dynamics of aircraft production},
  author={Benkard, C Lanier},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={90},
  number={4},
  pages={1034--1054},
  year={2000}
}

@techreport{berger2019,
  title={Labor market power},
  author={Berger, David W and Herkenhoff, Kyle F and Mongey, Simon},
  year={2019},
  institution={National Bureau of Economic Research},
  type = {Working Paper}
}

@article{berger2022,
  title={Labor market power},
  author={Berger, David and Herkenhoff, Kyle and Mongey, Simon},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={112},
  number={4},
  pages={1147--93},
  year={2022}
}

@techreport{brooks2021infrastructure,
 title = "Infrastructure Investment and Labor Monopsony Power",
 author = "Brooks, Wyatt J and Kaboski, Joseph P and Kondo, Illenin O and Li, Yao Amber and Qian, Wei",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 type = "Working Paper",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 number = "28977",
 year = "2021",
}

@article{burdett1998,
  title={Wage differentials, employer size, and unemployment},
  author={Burdett, Kenneth and Mortensen, Dale T},
  journal={International Economic Review},
  pages={257--273},
  year={1998},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@article{cahuc2006,
  title={Wage bargaining with on-the-job search: Theory and evidence},
  author={Cahuc, Pierre and Postel-Vinay, Fabien and Robin, Jean-Marc},
  journal={Econometrica},
  volume={74},
  number={2},
  pages={323--364},
  year={2006},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@techreport{caldwell2019,
  title={Outside options, bargaining, and wages: {E}vidence from coworker networks},
  author={Caldwell, Sydnee and Harmon, Nikolaj},
  institution={MIT},
  year={2019},
  type={Working paper}
}

@book{capitaine1858,
  title={Essai biographique sur {Henri Joseph Orban}},
  author={Capitaine, F{\'e}lix},
  year={1858},
  address={Li{\`e}ge},
  publisher={J.-G. Carmanne Imprimeur}
}

@article{card2018,
  author    = {Card, David and Cardoso, Ana Rute and Heining, Joerg and Kline, Patrick},
  title     = {Firms and labor market inequality: Evidence and some theory},
  journal   = {Journal of Labor Economics},
  year      = {2018},
  volume    = {36},
  number    = {S1},
  pages     = {S13--S70},
  publisher = {University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL},
}

@article{caselli2019,
  title={Robot arithmetic: {N}ew technology and wages},
  author={Caselli, Francesco and Manning, Alan},
  journal={American Economic Review: Insights},
  volume={1},
  number={1},
  pages={1--12},
  year={2019}
}

@book{cauliermathy1971,
  title={La modernisation des charbonnages {L}i{\'e}geois pendant la premi{\`e}re moiti{\'e} du {XIX}e si{\`e}cle: {T}echniques d'exploitation},
  author={Caulier-Mathy, Nicole},
  volume={192},
  year={1971},
  publisher={Soci{\'e}t{\'e} d'{\'E}dition Les Belles Lettres},
  address={Paris}
}

@inbook{cauliermathy1997,
  title={Industrialists and technological progress in the {Li{\`e}ge} coal industry 1800--1914},
  author={Caulier-Mathy, Nicole},
  booktitle={The economic development of {B}elgium since 1870},
  editor={Van der Wee, Herman and Blomme, Jan},
  pages={--},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Elgar},
  address={Cheltenham}
}

@article{ciliberto2014,
  author    = {Ciliberto, Federico and Williams, Jonathan W},
  title     = {Does multimarket contact facilitate tacit collusion? {I}nference on conduct parameters in the airline industry},
  journal   = {The RAND Journal of Economics},
  year      = {2014},
  volume    = {45},
  number    = {4},
  pages     = {764--791},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
}

@book{chlepner1972,
  title={Cent ans d'histoire sociale en {B}elgique},
  author={Chlepner, Ben-Serge},
  year={1972},
  publisher={{\'E}ditions de l'Universit{\'e} de Bruxelles},
  address={Brussels}
}

@article{clark2005,
  title={The condition of the working class in {E}ngland, 1209--2004},
  author={Clark, Gregory},
  journal={Journal of Political Economy},
  volume={113},
  number={6},
  pages={1307--1340},
  year={2005},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press}
}

@book{church1986,
  title={History of the {B}ritish coal industry. {V}olume 3. 1830-1913: {V}ictorian pre-eminence},
  author={Church, Roy},
  year={1986},
  publisher={Clarendon Press},
  address={Oxford}
}

@article{crafts1992,
 author = {Crafts, Nicholas and Harley, Charles K},
 journal = {The Economic History Review},
 number = {4},
 pages = {703--730},
 title = {Output Growth and the {British Industrial Revolution}: {A} Restatement of the {Crafts-Harley} View},
 volume = {45},
 year = {1992}
}

@article{crafts2022,
  title={Slow real wage growth during the {Industrial Revolution}: {P}roductivity paradox or pro-rich growth?},
  author={Crafts, Nicholas},
  journal={Oxford Economic Papers},
  volume={74},
  number={1},
  pages={1--13},
  year={2022},
  publisher={Oxford Academic}
}

@article{crafts2022mills,
    author = {Crafts, Nicholas and Mills, Terence C},
    title = {Considering the Counterfactual: {R}eal Wages in the {First Industrial Revolution}},
    journal = {The Economic Journal},
    volume = {132},
    number = {645},
    pages = {1994-2006},
    year = {2021}
}

@phdthesis{debaenst2010,
  title    = {Een proces van bloed, zweet en tranen! {J}uridisering van arbeidsongevallen in de negentiende eeuw in {B}elgi{\"e}},
  school   = {Universiteit Gent},
  author={Debaenst, Bruno},
  year     = {2010},
  address = {Ghent}
}

@article{debaenst2013,
  title={A study on juridification: {T}he case of industrial accidents in nineteenth century {B}elgium},
  author={Debaenst, Bruno},
  journal={Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis},
  volume={81},
  number={1-2},
  pages={247--273},
  year={2013},
  publisher={Brill Nijhoff}
}

@book{degreve1982,
  title={Le commerce ext{\'e}rieur de la {B}elgique, 1830-1913-1939: {P}r{\'e}sentation critique des donn{\'e}es statistiques},
  author={Degr{\`e}ve, Daniel},
  volume={1b},
  year={1982},
  publisher={Palais des Acad{\'e}mies},
  address={Brussels}
}

@article{delabastita2021intergenerational,
  title={Intergenerational mobility of sons and daughters: {E}vidence from nineteenth-century {West Flanders}},
  author={Delabastita, Vincent and Buyst, Erik},
  journal={European Review of Economic History},
  year={2021},
  volume={25},
  number={2},
  pages={300--327}
}

@techreport{delabastita2022,
  author      = {Delabastita, Vincent and Goos, Maarten},
  title       = {Does technological progress equal wage progress? 19th-century technological change, real wage growth and wage inequality},
  institution = {KU Leuven},
  year        = {2022},
  type        = {Working paper},
}

@book{deleener1904,
  publisher = {Misch et Thron},
  year = {1904},
  title = {Les syndicats industriels en {B}elgique},
  edition = {2},
  address = {Brussels},
  author = {De Leener, Georges},
}

@book{deleener1909,
  publisher = {Misch et Thron},
  year = {1909},
  title = {L'Organisation syndicale des chefs d'industrie: {\'E}tude sur les syndicats industriels en {B}elgique},
  address = {Brussels},
  author = {De Leener, Georges},
}

@book{deleener1908,
  publisher = {Misch et Thron},
  year = {1908},
  title = {{\'E}tude sur le marché charbonnier {B}elge},
  address = {Brussels},
  author = {De Leener, Georges},
}

@article{dell2010,
  title={The persistent effects of {P}eru's mining mita},
  author={Dell, Melissa},
  journal={Econometrica},
  volume={78},
  number={6},
  pages={1863--1903},
  year={2010},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{deloecker2012,
  title={Markups and firm-level export status},
  author={De Loecker, Jan and Warzynski, Frederic},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={102},
  number={6},
  pages={2437--71},
  year={2012}
}

@techreport{deloecker2016,
  title={Estimating market power: {E}vidence from the {US} Brewing Industry},
  author={De Loecker, Jan and Scott, Paul T},
  year={2016},
  institution={National Bureau of Economic Research},
  type = {Working Paper}
}

@article{deloecker2016goldberg,
author = {De Loecker, Jan and Goldberg, Pinelopi K. and Khandelwal, Amit K. and Pavcnik, Nina},
title = {Prices, Markups, and Trade Reform},
journal = {Econometrica},
volume = {84},
number = {2},
pages = {445-510},
keywords = {Variable markups, production function estimation, pass-through, input tariffs, trade liberalization},
abstract = {This paper examines how prices, markups, and marginal costs respond to trade liberalization. We develop a framework to estimate markups from production data with multi-product firms. This approach does not require assumptions on the market structure or demand curves faced by firms, nor assumptions on how firms allocate their inputs across products. We exploit quantity and price information to disentangle markups from quantity-based productivity, and then compute marginal costs by dividing observed prices by the estimated markups. We use India's trade liberalization episode to examine how firms adjust these performance measures. Not surprisingly, we find that trade liberalization lowers factory-gate prices and that output tariff declines have the expected pro-competitive effects. However, the price declines are small relative to the declines in marginal costs, which fall predominantly because of the input tariff liberalization. The reason for this incomplete cost pass-through to prices is that firms offset their reductions in marginal costs by raising markups. Our results demonstrate substantial heterogeneity and variability in markups across firms and time and suggest that producers benefited relative to consumers, at least immediately after the reforms.},
year = {2016}
}

@article{deloecker2020,
  title={The rise of market power and the macroeconomic implications},
  author={De Loecker, Jan and Eeckhout, Jan and Unger, Gabriel},
  journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume={135},
  number={2},
  pages={561--644},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{delree1963,
  title={Esquisse historique de la l{\'e}gislation et de l'{Administration des Mines}},
  author={Delr{\'e}e, Henri and Linard de Guertechin, Albert},
  journal={Annales des Mines de Belgique},
  number={1},
  pages={45--59},
  year={1963}
}

@article{delree1992,
  title={Histoire des accidents de travail survenus dans les charbonnages de la r{\'e}gion li{\`e}geoise depuis le d{\'e}but du XIXe si{\`e}cle},
  author={Delr{\'e}e, Henri},
  journal={Bulletin de l'Institut Arch{\'e}ologique li{\'e}geois},
  volume={CIV},
  pages={343--376},
  year={1992}
}

@techreport{demirer2020,
  author = {Demirer, Mert},
  title  = {Production Function Estimation with Factor-Augmenting Technology: An Application to Markups},
  year   = {2020},
  institution = {Microsoft Research},
  type = {Working paper}
}

@article{deneckere1993,
  title={The transforming impact of collective action: {B}elgium, 1886},
  author={Deneckere, Gita},
  journal={International Review of Social History},
  volume={38},
  number={3},
  pages={345--367},
  year={1993},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@book{destree1898,
  title={Le socialisme en {B}elgique},
  author={Destr{\'e}e, Jules and Vandervelde, Emile},
  year={1898},
  publisher={V. Giard \& E. Bri{\`e}re},
  address={Paris}
}

@techreport{dhyne2022,
  title={Theory for extending single-product production function estimation to multi-product settings},
  author={Dhyne, Emmanuel and Petrin, Amil and Smeets, Valerie and Warzynski, Frederic},
  year={2022},
  institution={National Bureau of Economic Research},
  type = {Working Paper}
}

@book{dreze1905,
  title={Le livre d'or de l'{Exposition Universelle et Internationale} de 1905: {H}istoire compl{\`e}te de l'exposition de {L}i{\`e}ge},
  author={Dr{\`e}ze, Gustave},
  year={1905},
  volume={2},
  publisher={Imp. Aug. B{\'e}nard},
  address={{L}i{\`e}ge}
}

@article{driscoll1998,
  title={Consistent covariance matrix estimation with spatially dependent panel data},
  author={Driscoll, John C and Kraay, Aart C},
  journal={The Review of Economics and Statistics},
  volume={80},
  number={4},
  pages={549--560},
  year={1998},
  publisher={MIT Press 238 Main St., Suite 500, Cambridge, MA 02142-1046, USA journals~…}
}

@book{dubois1960,
  author = {Dubois, G{\'e}rard},
  publisher = {Institut de Sociologie de l'Universit{\'e} de Li{\`e}ge},
  year = {1960},
  title = {Enqu{\^e}te sur la structure et les activit{\'e}s des associations professionnelles},
  address = {Li{\`e}ge},
}

@book{ducpetiaux1844,
  title={Le paup{\'e}risme en {B}elgique: {C}auses et rem{\`e}des},
  author={Ducp{\'e}tiaux, Edouard},
  year={1844},
  publisher={Librairie polytechnique d'Aug. Decq},
  address={Brussels}
}

@article{duquesne1980,
  title={March{\'e} capitaliste du travail et niveau de subsistance: {L}e cas des mineurs en {B}elgique de 1832 {\`a} 1913},
  author={Duquesne de la Vinelle, Louis},
  journal={Recherches {\'E}conomiques de Louvain/Louvain Economic Review},
  pages={315--332},
  volume={46},
  number={4},
  year={1980},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@Article{edmond2023,
  author    = {Edmond, Chris and Midrigan, Virgiliu and Xu, Daniel Yi},
  journal   = {Journal of Political Economy},
  title     = {How costly are markups?},
  year      = {2023},
  number    = {7},
  pages     = {1619--1675},
  volume    = {131},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL},
}

@article{eizenberg2014,
  title={Upstream innovation and product variety in the {U.S.} home {PC} market},
  author={Eizenberg, Alon},
  journal={Review of Economic Studies},
  volume={81},
  number={3},
  pages={1003--1045},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@book{engels1892,
  title={The condition of the working-class in {E}ngland in 1844: {W}ith preface written in 1892},
  author={Engels, Frederick},
  year={1892},
  publisher={Swan Sonnenschein \& Co.},
  address={London}
}

@article{falch2010,
  title={The elasticity of labor supply at the establishment level},
  author={Falch, Torberg},
  journal={Journal of Labor Economics},
  volume={28},
  number={2},
  pages={237--266},
  year={2010},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press}
}

@article{farrell2007,
  title={Coordination and lock-in: Competition with switching costs and network effects},
  author={Farrell, Joseph and Klemperer, Paul},
  journal={Handbook of industrial organization},
  volume={3},
  pages={1967--2072},
  year={2007},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{federicoforthcoming,
  title={Inequality in {Pre-Industrial Europe} (1260--1850): {N}ew Evidence From the Labor Share},
  author={Federico, Giovanni and Nuvolari, Alessandro and Vasta, Michelangelo},
  journal={Review of Income and Wealth},
  year={\noop{3002}forthcoming},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{feinstein1988,
  title={The rise and fall of the {W}illiamson curve},
  author = {Feinstein, Charles H.},
  journal={The Journal of Economic History},
  volume={48},
  number={3},
  pages={699--729},
  year={1988},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{feinstein1998,
  abstract = {New estimates of nominal earnings and the cost of living are presented and used to make a fresh assessment of changes in the real earnings of male and female manual workers in Britain from 1770 to 1870. Workers' average real earnings are then adjusted for factors such as unemployment, the number of their dependants, and the costs of urbanization. The main finding is that the standard of living of the average working-class family improved by less than 15 percent between the 1780s and 1850s. This long plateau is shown to be consistent with other economic, political, and demographic indicators.},
  author = {Feinstein, Charles H.},
  journal = {The Journal of Economic History},
  number = {3},
  pages = {625--658},
  publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
  title = {Pessimism Perpetuated: {R}eal Wages and the Standard of Living in {B}ritain during and after the {Industrial Revolution}},
  volume = {58},
  year = {1998}
}

@article{fernihough2021,
  title={Coal and the {E}uropean {I}ndustrial {R}evolution},
  author={Fernihough, Alan and O'Rourke, Kevin Hjortsh{\o}j},
  journal={The Economic Journal},
  volume={131},
  number={635},
  pages={1135--1149},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@book{fishback1992,
  title={Soft coal, hard choices: {T}he economic welfare of bituminous coal miners, 1890-1930},
  author={Fishback, Price V},
  year={1992},
  publisher={Oxford University Press},
  address={Oxford}
}

@article{fishback1998,
  title={Operations of ``unfettered'' labor markets: {E}xit and voice in {A}merican labor markets at the turn of the century},
  author={Fishback, Price V},
  journal={Journal of Economic Literature},
  volume={36},
  number={2},
  pages={722--765},
  year={1998},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@phdthesis{gadisseur1979,
  title    = {Le produit physique de l'économie {B}elge 1831-1913: {P}résentation critique des données statistiques},
  school   = {Université de Liège},
  author={Gadisseur, Jean},
  year     = {1979},
  address = {Liège}
}

@book{gaier1988,
  title={Huit si{\`e}cles de houillerie {L}i{\'e}geoise: {H}istoire des hommes et du charbon {\`a} {L}i{\`e}ge},
  author={Gaier, Claude},
  year={1988},
  publisher={Editions du Perron},
  address={Liège}
}

@article{gallardo2021,
  title={Optimism or pessimism? {A} composite view on {English} living standards during the {Industrial Revolution}},
  author={Gallardo-Albarr{\'a}n, Daniel and de Jong, Herman},
  journal={European Review of Economic History},
  volume={25},
  number={1},
  pages={1--19},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{geerkens2020,
  title={Le travail des ouvriers mineurs en {B}elgique (ca 1830-1930)},
  author={Geerkens, {\'E}ric and Leboutte, Ren{\'e} and P{\'e}ters, Arnaud},
  journal={Revue du Nord},
  number={2},
  pages={289--309},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Association Revue du Nord}
}

@techreport{gibson2021,
  title={Employer market power in {Silicon Valley}},
  author={Gibson, Matthew},
  year={2021},
  institution={IZA},
  type = {Working Paper}
}

@book{goldin2008,
  title={The race between education and technology},
  author={Goldin, Claudia and Katz, Lawrence F},
  year={2008},
  publisher={Harvard University Press},
  address={Cambridge, MA}
}

@techreport{gowrisankaran2015,
  title={Productivity, safety, and regulation in underground coal mining: Evidence from disasters and fatalities},
  author={Gowrisankaran, Gautam and He, Charles and Lutz, Eric A and Burgess, Jefferey L},
  year={2015},
  institution={National Bureau of Economic Research},
  type = {Working Paper}
}

@article{griffin1973,
  title={The role of coal owners’ associations in the {East Midlands} in the Nineteenth Century},
  author={Griffin, AR and Griffin, CP},
  journal={Renaissance and Modern Studies},
  volume={17},
  number={1},
  pages={95--121},
  year={1973},
  publisher={Taylor \& Francis}
}

@article{hall1988,
  title={The relation between price and marginal cost in {US} industry},
  author={Hall, Robert E},
  journal={Journal of Political Economy},
  volume={96},
  number={5},
  pages={921--947},
  year={1988},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press}
}

@article{honka2014,
  title={Quantifying search and switching costs in the {US} auto insurance industry},
  author={Honka, Elisabeth},
  journal={The RAND Journal of Economics},
  volume={45},
  number={4},
  pages={847--884},
  year={2014},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{horlings2002,
  title={The International Trade of a Small and Open Economy. {R}evised Estimates of the Imports and Exports of {B}elgium, 1835-1990},
  author={Horlings, Edwin},
  journal={NEHA-Jaarboek},
  volume={65},
  pages={110--142},
  year={2002}
}

@techreport{hornbeck2018,
  title={Who benefits from productivity growth? {D}irect and indirect effects of local {TFP} growth on wages, rents, and inequality},
  author={Hornbeck, Richard and Moretti, Enrico},
  year={2018},
  institution={National Bureau of Economic Research}
}

@techreport{hornbeck2019,
  title={Railroads, reallocation, and the rise of {A}merican manufacturing},
  author={Hornbeck, Richard and Rotemberg, Martin},
  year={2019},
  institution={National Bureau of Economic Research}
}

@techreport{huang2022,
  title={Monopsony, Cartels, and Market Manipulation: {E}vidence from the {US} Meatpacking Industry},
  author={Huang, Jingyi},
  year={2022},
  institute={Harvard University},
  type={Working paper}
}

@article{huberman2003,
  title={European economic integration and the labour compact, 1850--1913},
  author={Huberman, Michael and Lewchuk, Wayne},
  journal={European Review of Economic History},
  volume={7},
  number={1},
  pages={3--41},
  year={2003},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{huberman2004,
  title={Working hours of the world unite? {N}ew international evidence of worktime, 1870--1913},
  author={Huberman, Michael},
  journal={The Journal of Economic History},
  volume={64},
  number={4},
  pages={964--1001},
  year={2004},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{huberman2008,
  title={Ticket to trade: {Belgian} labour and globalization before 1914},
  author={Huberman, Michael},
  journal={The Economic History Review},
  volume={61},
  number={2},
  pages={326--359},
  year={2008},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{huberman2017,
  title={Technology and geography in the {Second Industrial Revolution}: {N}ew evidence from the margins of trade},
  author={Huberman, Michael and Meissner, Christopher M and Oosterlinck, Kim},
  journal={The Journal of Economic History},
  volume={77},
  number={1},
  pages={39--89},
  year={2017},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{humphries2019schneider,
  title={Spinning the industrial revolution},
  author={Humphries, Jane and Schneider, Benjamin},
  journal={The Economic History Review},
  volume={72},
  number={1},
  pages={126--155},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{humphries2019weisdorf,
  title={Unreal wages? {R}eal income and economic growth in {E}ngland, 1260--1850},
  author={Humphries, Jane and Weisdorf, Jacob},
  journal={The Economic Journal},
  volume={129},
  number={623},
  pages={2867--2887},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{jedwab2022,
  Author = {Jedwab, Remi and Johnson, Noel D. and Koyama, Mark},
  Title = {The Economic Impact of the {Black Death}},
  Journal = {Journal of Economic Literature},
  Volume = {60},
  Number = {1},
  Year = {2022},
  Pages = {132-78}
}

@incollection{katz2014,
  title={Technical change and the relative demand for skilled labor: {The United States} in historical perspective},
  author={Katz, Lawrence F and Margo, Robert A},
  booktitle={Human Capital in History: The {A}merican Record},
  editor={Boustan, Leah Platt and Frydman, Carola and Margo, Robert A},
  pages={15--57},
  year={2014},
  publisher={University of Chicago Press}
}

@article{kellyforthcoming,
  title={The mechanics of the {Industrial Revolution}},
  author={Kelly, Morgan and Mokyr, Joel and {\'O} Gr{\'a}da, Cormac},
  journal={Journal of Political Economy},
  year={\noop{3002}forthcoming}
}

@article{kehrig2021,
  title={The micro-level anatomy of the labor share decline},
  author={Kehrig, Matthias and Vincent, Nicolas},
  journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume={136},
  number={2},
  pages={1031--1087},
  year={2021},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@incollection{kurgan1990,
  title={Industrial relations in the {B}elgian coal industry since the end of the nineteenth century},
  author={Kurgan-van Hentenryk, Ginette and Puissant, Jean},
  year={1990},
  pages={203--270},
  editor={Feldman, Gerald D and Tenfelde, Klaus},
  booktitle={Workers, owners and politics in coal mining: {A}n international comparison of industrial relations},
  publisher={Berg Publishers},
  address={Oxford}
}

@book{kurgan1996,
author = {Kurgan-Van Hentenryk, Ginette and Puissant, Jean and Montens, Valérie},
year = {1996},
title = {Dictionnaire des patrons en {B}elgique: {L}es hommes, les entreprises, les r{\'e}seaux},
publisher = {De Boeck Universit{\'e}},
address = {Brussels}
}

@techreport{krueger2018,
  title={Theory and evidence on employer collusion in the franchise sector},
  author={Krueger, Alan B and Ashenfelter, Orley},
  year={2018},
  institution={National Bureau of Economic Research},
  number={24831},
  type = {Working Paper}
}

@inproceedings{krueger2018reflections,
  title={Reflections on dwindling worker bargaining power and monetary policy},
  author={Krueger, Alan B},
  booktitle={Luncheon address at the {Jackson Hole Economic Symposium}},
  volume={24},
  year={2018}
}

@article{krueger2022,
  title={Theory and evidence on employer collusion in the franchise sector},
  author={Krueger, Alan B and Ashenfelter, Orley},
  journal={Journal of Human Resources},
  volume={57},
  number={S},
  pages={S324--S348},
  year={2022},
  publisher={University of Wisconsin Press}
}

@article{lamadon2022,
  title={Imperfect competition, compensating differentials, and rent sharing in the {US} labor market},
  author={Lamadon, Thibaut and Mogstad, Magne and Setzler, Bradley},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={112},
  number={1},
  pages={169--212},
  year={2022}
}

@article{lamoreaux2019,
  title={The problem of bigness: {F}rom {Standard Oil} to {G}oogle},
  author={Lamoreaux, Naomi R},
  journal={Journal of Economic Perspectives},
  volume={33},
  number={3},
  pages={94--117},
  year={2019}
}

@book{leboutte1988,
  title={Le livret d'ouvrier dans la province de {L}i{\`e}ge: Une source m{\'e}connue en histoire sociale. {P}r{\'e}sentation et premier r{\'e}sultats d'exploitation},
  author={Leboutte, Ren{\'e}},
  year={1988},
  address={Li{\`e}ge},
  publisher={Editions du Mus{\'e}e de la Vie Wallone}
}

@article{leboutte1991,
  title={Mortalit{\'e} par accident dans les mines de charbon en {B}elgique aux {XIXe-XXe} si{\`e}cles},
  author={Leboutte, Ren{\'e}},
  journal={Revue du Nord},
  volume={73},
  number={293},
  pages={703--736},
  year={1991},
  publisher={Universit{\'e} Lille 3}
}

@book{lebrun1981,
  title={Essai sur la r{\'e}volution industrielle en {B}elgique: 1770-1847},
  author={Lebrun, Pierre and Bruwier, Marinette and Dhont, Jan and Hansotte, Georges},
  series={Histoire quantitative et d{\'e}veloppement de la Belgique},
  year={1981},
  address={Brussels},
  publisher={Palais des Acad{\'e}mies}
}

@incollection{lefevre2004,
  title={L'organisation des patrons charbonniers montois de 1830 {\`a} 1870},
  author={Lef{\`e}vre, Patrick},
  booktitle={Patrons, gens d'affaires et banquiers. {H}ommages {\`a} {Ginette Kurgan-van Hentenryk}},
  editor={Bertrams, Kenneth and Jaumain, Serge},
  pages={129--140},
  year={2004},
  publisher={Livre Timperman},
  address={Brussels}
}

@misc{leo1891,
  title = {{Rerum novarum}},
  author = {{Leo XIII}},
  year={1891},
  howpublished = {\url{https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_15051891_rerum-novarum.html}},
  note = {Accessed: 05-08-2022}
}

@article{levinsohn2003,
  title={Estimating production functions using inputs to control for unobservables},
  author={Levinsohn, James and Petrin, Amil},
  journal={The Review of Economic Studies},
  volume={70},
  number={2},
  pages={317--341},
  year={2003},
  publisher={Wiley-Blackwell}
}

@article{lindert1983,
  title={{E}nglish workers’ living standards during the {Industrial Revolution}: {A} new look},
  author={Lindert, Peter H and Williamson, Jeffrey G},
  journal={The Economic History Review},
  volume={36},
  number={1},
  pages={1--25},
  year={1983},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{loots1936,
  title={Les mouvements fondamentaux des prix de gros en {B}elgique de 1822 {\`a} 1913},
  author={Loots, Fran{\k{i}}ois},
  journal={Bulletin de l'Institut des Sciences {\'E}conomiques},
  volume={8},
  number={1},
  pages={23--47},
  year={1936}
}

@book{luyten1995,
  title={Sociaal-economisch overleg in {B}elgi{\"e} sedert 1918},
  author={Luyten, Dirk},
  year={1995},
  publisher={VUB Press},
  address={Brussels}
}

@article{mahaim1911,
  title={Les ouvriers mineurs abonnés aux chemins de fer en {B}elgique},
  author={Mahaim, Ernest},
  journal={Annales des Mines de Belgique},
  volume={16},
  pages={69-115},
  year={1911}
}

@book{manning2003,
  title={Monopsony in Motion: {I}mperfect Competition in Labor Markets},
  author={Manning, Alan},
  year={2003},
  publisher={Princeton University Press},
  address={Princeton}
}

@InCollection{manning2011,
  author    = {Manning, Alan},
  booktitle = {Handbook of Labor Economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  title     = {Imperfect competition in the labor market},
  year      = {2011},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  editor    = {Ashenfelter, Orley and Card, David},
  pages     = {973--1041},
  volume    = {4B},
}

@article{manning2017,
  title={How local are labor markets? {E}vidence from a spatial job search model},
  author={Manning, Alan and Petrongolo, Barbara},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={107},
  number={10},
  pages={2877--2907},
  year={2017}
}

@article{manning2021,
  title={Monopsony in labor markets: {A} review},
  author={Manning, Alan},
  journal={ILR Review},
  volume={74},
  number={1},
  pages={3--26},
  year={2021},
  publisher={SAGE Publications Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA}
}

@techreport{martins2020,
  title={What Do Employers’ Associations Do?},
  author={Martins, Pedro S},
  year={2020},
  institution={{IZA Institute of Labor Economics}},
  number={13705},
  type={Working paper}
}

@book{marx1985,
  title={Marx \& {E}ngels Collected Works: {V}olume 21 {M}arx and {E}ngels 1867--1870},
  author={Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick},
  year={1985},
  publisher={Lawrence \& Wishart},
  address={London}
}

@Article{mertens2020,
  author={Mertens, Matthias},
  title={{Labor market power and the distorting effects of international trade}},
  journal={International Journal of Industrial Organization},
  year={2020},
  volume={68},
  number={102562},
  pages={1-16},
  abstract={This article examines how final product trade with China shapes and interacts with labor market imperfections that create market power in labor markets and prevent an efficient market outcome. I develop a framework for measuring such labor market power distortions in monetary terms and document large degrees of these distortions in Germany's manufacturing sector. Import competition only exerts labor market disciplining effects if firms, rather than employees, possess labor market power. Otherwise, increasing export demand and import competition both fortify existing distortions, which decreases labor market efficiency. This widens the gap between potential and realized output and thus diminishes classical gains from trade.},
}

@article{michel1977,
  title={Un maillon plus faible du syndicalisme minier: {L}a f{\'e}d{\'e}ration nationale des mineurs {B}elges avant 1914},
  author={Michel, Jo{\"e}l},
  journal={Revue Belge de Philologie et d'Histoire},
  volume={55},
  number={2},
  pages={425--473},
  year={1977},
  publisher={Soci{\'e}t{\'e} pour le progr{\`e}s des {\'e}tudes philologiques et historiques}
}

@techreport{michel2018,
  author = {Michel, Christian and Weiergraeber, Stefan},
  title  = {Estimating Industry Conduct in Differentiated Products Markets},
  year   = {2018},
  institution = {Universitat Pompeu Fabra},
  type={Working paper}
}   

@article{miller2017,
  author    = {Miller, Nathan H and Weinberg, Matthew C},
  title     = {Understanding the price effects of the {MillerCoors} joint venture},
  journal   = {Econometrica},
  year      = {2017},
  volume    = {85},
  number    = {6},
  pages     = {1763--1791},
  publisher = {Wiley Online Library},
}

@book{mokyr1976,
  title={Industrialization in the {Low Countries}, 1795-1850},
  author={Mokyr, Joel},
  year={1976},
  publisher={Yale University Press},
  address={London}
}

@article{montant2020,
  title={Expansion, depression and collusion: {T}he {B}elgian coal industry, 1901-1945},
  author={Montant, Gil},
  journal={The Journal of European Economic History},
  volume={49},
  number={3},
  pages={55--108},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Bancaria Editrice S p A}
}

@techreport{morlacco2020,
  author = {Morlacco, Monica},
  title  = {Market power in input markets: {T}heory and evidence from {French} manufacturing},
  year   = {2020},
  institution={University of Southern California},
  type={Working paper}
}

@book{mottequin1973,
publisher = {{\'E}ditions Nauwelaerts},
year = {1973},
title = {R{\'e}unions du comit{\'e} des directeurs des travaux des charbonnages du {Couchant de Mons}, patronn{\'e}es par la {Soci{\'e}t{\'e} G{\'e}n{\'e}rale} (1848-1876)},
author={Mottequin, P},
address = {Leuven}
}
@techreport{muendler2009,
  title={Converter from {SITC} to {ISIC}},
  author={Muendler, Marc-Andreas},
  institution={University of California-San Diego},
  year={2009},
  type={Working paper}
}
@article{murray2015,
  title={Small-scale technologies and {E}uropean coal mine safety, 1850--1900},
  author={Murray, John E and Silvestre, Javier},
  journal={The Economic History Review},
  volume={68},
  number={3},
  pages={887--910},
  year={2015},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{murray2020,
  title={Integration in {E}uropean coal markets, 1833--1913},
  author={Murray, John E and Silvestre, Javier},
  journal={The Economic History Review},
  volume={73},
  number={3},
  pages={668--702},
  year={2020},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{naidu2010,
  title={Recruitment restrictions and labor markets: {E}vidence from the postbellum {US South}},
  author={Naidu, Suresh},
  journal={Journal of Labor Economics},
  volume={28},
  number={2},
  pages={413--445},
  year={2010},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press}
}

@article{naidu2013,
  title={Coercive contract enforcement: {L}aw and the labor market in nineteenth century industrial {B}ritain},
  author={Naidu, Suresh and Yuchtman, Noam},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={103},
  number={1},
  pages={107--44},
  year={2013}
}

@incollection{naidu2018,
  title={Labor market institutions in the gilded age of {American} economic history},
  author={Naidu, Suresh and Yuchtman, Noam},
  year={2018},
  editor={Cain, Louis P. and Fishback, Price V. and Rhode, Paul W.},
  booktitle={The {Oxford} Handbook of {American} Economic History},
  publisher={Oxford University Press},
  address={Oxford}
}

@article{naidu2018antitrust,
  title={Antitrust remedies for labor market power},
  author={Naidu, Suresh and Posner, Eric A and Weyl, Glen},
  journal={Harvard Law Review},
  volume={132},
  pages={536--601},
  year={2018},
  publisher={HeinOnline}
}

@book{ogilvie2019,
  title={The {E}uropean guilds: {A}n economic analysis},
  author={Ogilvie, Sheilagh},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Princeton University Press},
  address={Princeton}
}

@article{olley1996,
 abstract = {Technological change and deregulation have caused a major restructuring of the telecommunications equipment industry over the last two decades. Our empirical focus is on estimating the parameters of a production function for the equipment industry, and then using those estimates to analyze the evolution of plant-level productivity. The restructuring involved significant entry and exit and large changes in the sizes of incumbents. Firms' choices on whether to liquidate, and on input quantities should they continue, depended on their productivity. This generates a selection and a simultaneity problem when estimating production functions. Our theoretical focus is on providing an estimation algorithm which takes explicit account of these issues. We find that our algorithm produces markedly different and more plausible estimates of production function coefficients than do traditional estimation procedures. Using our estimates we find increases in the rate of aggregate productivity growth after deregulation. Since we have plant-level data we can introduce indices which delve deeper into how this productivity growth occurred. These indices indicate that productivity increases were primarily a result of a reallocation of capital towards more productive establishments.},
 author = {Olley, G. Steven and Pakes, Ariel},
 journal = {Econometrica},
 number = {6},
 pages = {1263--1297},
 publisher = {[Wiley, Econometric Society]},
 title = {The Dynamics of Productivity in the Telecommunications Equipment Industry},
 volume = {64},
 year = {1996}
}

@article{orourke1997,
  title={The {E}uropean grain invasion, 1870--1913},
  author={O'Rourke, Kevin H},
  journal={The Journal of Economic History},
  volume={57},
  number={4},
  pages={775--801},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{orr2022,
  title={Within-firm productivity dispersion: {E}stimates and implications},
  author={Orr, Scott},
  journal={Journal of Political Economy},
  volume={130},
  number={11},
  pages={2771--2828},
  year={2022},
  publisher={The University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL}
}

@article{pakes2010,
  title={Alternative models for moment inequalities},
  author={Pakes, Ariel},
  journal={Econometrica},
  volume={78},
  number={6},
  pages={1783--1822},
  year={2010},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@incollection{pamuk2010,
  title={Standards of living},
  author={Pamuk, Sevket and van Zanden, Jan-Luiten},
  booktitle={The {C}ambridge economic history of modern {E}urope},
  editor={Broadberry, Stephen and O'Rourke, Kevin},
  volume={1},
  pages={217--234},
  year={2010},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press},
  address={Cambridge}
}

@techreport{pluymers1992,
  title={De {B}elgische industri{\"e}le produktie 1811-1846: {R}econstructie van een databank van de fysieke produktie en de bruto-toegevoegde waarde},
  author={Pluymers, Bart},
  year={1992},
  institution={KU Leuven},
  type={Working paper}
} 

@book{pollard1981,
  title={Peaceful Conquest: {T}he Industrialization of {Europe}, 1760--1970},
  author={Pollard, S},
  year={1981},
  publisher={Oxford University Press},
  address={Oxford}
}

@article{postel2002,
  title={Equilibrium wage dispersion with worker and employer heterogeneity},
  author={Postel--Vinay, Fabien and Robin, Jean--Marc},
  journal={Econometrica},
  volume={70},
  number={6},
  pages={2295--2350},
  year={2002},
  publisher={Wiley Online Library}
}

@article{roels2008,
  title={``{I}n {B}elgium, women do all the work''. {D}e arbeid van vrouwen in de {L}uikse mijnen, negentiende begin twintigste eeuw},
  author={Roels, Leen},
  journal={Journal of Belgian History},
  volume={38},
  number={1-2},
  pages={45--86},
  year={2008}
}

@article{rosenbloom1996,
  title={Was there a national labor market at the end of the nineteenth century? {N}ew evidence on earnings in manufacturing},
  author={Rosenbloom, Joshua L},
  journal={The Journal of Economic History},
  volume={56},
  number={3},
  pages={626--656},
  year={1996},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{rotemberg1986,
  title={A supergame-theoretic model of price wars during booms},
  author={Rotemberg, Julio J and Saloner, Garth},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={76},
  number={3},
  pages={390--407},
  year={1986},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@techreport{roussille2023,
  title={Bidding for talent: {E}quilibrium wage dispersion on a high-wage online job board},
  author={Roussille, Nina and Scuderi, Benjamin},
  year={2023},
  institution={MIT},
  type={Working Paper}
}

@Article{rubens2021,
  author  = {Rubens, Michael},
  journal = {American Economic Review},
  title   = {Market Structure, Oligopsony Power, and Productivity},
  year    = {2023},
  number  = {9},
  pages   = {2382-2410},
  volume  = {113},
}

@techreport{rubens2022,
  author      = {Rubens, Michael},
  title       = {Oligopsony Power and Factor-Biased Technology Adoption},
  institution = {KU Leuven},
  year        = {2022},
  type        = {Working paper},
}

@Article{rubensforthcoming,
  author  = {Rubens, Michael},
  journal = {RAND Journal of Economics},
  title   = {Management, Productivity, and Technology Choices: {E}vidence from {U.S.} Mining Schools},
  year    = {2023},
  number  = {1},
  pages   = {165-186},
  volume  = {51},
}

@incollection{scholliers1991,
  title={Industrial wage differentials in nineteenth-century {Belgium}},
  author={Scholliers, Peter},
  booktitle={Income Distribution in Historical Perspective},
  editor={Brenner, Yehojachin Simon and Kaelble, Hartmut and Thomas, Mark},
  pages={96--116},
  year={1991},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press},
  address={Cambridge}
}

@incollection{scholliers1995,
  title={A century of real industrial wages in {Belgium}, 1840--1939},
  author={Scholliers, Peter},
  booktitle={Labour's Reward: {Real} Wages and Economic Change in 19th- and 20th-century {Europe}},
  editor={Scholliers, Peter and Zamagni, Vera},
  pages={106--137},
  year={1995},
  publisher={Edward Elgar Publishing},
  address={Aldershot}
}

@techreport{schubert2021,
  title={Employer concentration and outside options},
  author={Schubert, Gregor and Stansbury, Anna and Taska, Bledi},
  year={2021},
  institution={Harvard University},
  type={Working paper}
}

@book{seebohmrowntree1911,
  title={Land \& labour: {Lessons} from {Belgium}},
  author={Seebohm Rowntree, Benjamin},
  year={1911},
  publisher={Macmillan},
  address={London}
}

@book{segers2003,
  title={Economische groei en levensstandaard: {Particuliere} consumptie en voedselverbruik in {B}elgi{\"e}, 1800-1913},
  author={Segers, Yves},
  year={2003},
  publisher={Leuven University Press},
  address={Leuven}
}

@article{shiforthcoming,
  title={Optimal Regulation of noncompete contracts},
  author={Shi, Liyan},
  year={\noop{3002}forthcoming},
  journal={Econometrica}
}

@incollection{silvestreforthcoming,
  title={Productivity, mortality, and technology in {E}uropean and {US} Coal Mining, 1800-1913},
  author={Silvestre, Javier},
  booktitle={Standard of Living: {E}ssays on Economics, History, and Religion in Honor of {John E. Murray}},
  editor={Gray, Patrick and Hall, Joshua and Herndon, Ruth Wallis and Silvestre, Javier},
  year={\noop{3002}forthcoming},
  publisher={Springer},
  pages={},
  address={}
}

@article{sokolova2021,
author = {Anna Sokolova and Todd Sorensen},
title ={Monopsony in Labor Markets: {A} Meta-Analysis},
journal = {ILR Review},
volume = {74},
number = {1},
pages = {27-55},
year = {2021}
}

@book{smith1776,
   title =     {An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations},
   author =    {Adam Smith},
   publisher = {University Of Chicago Press},
   address = {Chicago},
   year = {1776},
   note =      {1976 reprint},
}

@article{song2019,
  title={Firming up inequality},
  author={Song, Jae and Price, David J and Guvenen, Fatih and Bloom, Nicholas and Von Wachter, Till},
  journal={The Quarterly Journal of Economics},
  volume={134},
  number={1},
  pages={1--50},
  year={2019},
  publisher={Oxford University Press}
}

@article{stengers2004,
  title={Histoire de la l{\'e}gislation {\'e}lectorale en {B}elgique},
  author={Stengers, Jean},
 journal={Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire},
  volume={82},
  number={1},
  pages={247--270},
  year={2004},
  publisher={Pers{\'e}e-Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS}
}

@incollection{stevens1998,
  title={Het coalitieverbod in {B}elgi{\"e} (1795--1866)},
  author={Stevens, Fred},
  year={1998},
  pages={395--413},
  booktitle={Liber Amicorum {Roger Blanpain}},
  publisher={Die Keure},
  address={Bruges}
}

@article{strikwerda1991,
  title={Interest-Group Politics and the International Economy: {M}ass Politics and Big Business Corporations in the {L}i{\`e}ge Coal Basin, 1870-1914},
  author={Strikwerda, Carl},
  journal={Journal of Social History},
  volume={25},
  number={2},
  pages={277--307},
  year={1991},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@Article{syverson2004,
  author    = {Syverson, Chad},
  journal   = {Journal of Political Economy},
  title     = {Market structure and productivity: {A} concrete example},
  year      = {2004},
  number    = {6},
  pages     = {1181--1222},
  volume    = {112},
  publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
}


@techreport{treuren2022,
  title={Wage markups and buyer power in intermediate input markets},
  author={Treuren, Leonard},
  year={2022},
  institution={KU Leuven},
  type={Working paper DPS22.06}
}

@misc{usjustice2019,
author = {{U.S. Department of Justice}},
title = {Antitrust division {S}pring update 2019: {N}o-Poach Approach},
year = {2019},
howpublished = {\url{https://www.justice.gov/atr/division-operations/division-update-spring-2019/no-poach-approach}}
}

@phdthesis{vandaele2004,
  title={`{I}n het getal ligt onze macht': {E}en politiek-wetenschappelijke analyse van de vakbondsledenevolutie in {B}elgi{\"e} 1898-1995},
  author={Vandaele, Kurt},
  year={2004},
  school={Ghent University},
  address={Ghent}
}

@article{vandeneeckhout2005,
  title={Van werkboekje tot arbeidscontract. {D}e negentiende-eeuwse arbeidsrelaties revisited},
  author={Van den Eeckhout, Patricia},
  journal={Journal of Belgian History},
  volume={35},
  number={2-3},
  pages={153--200},
  year={2005}
}

@incollection{vanderwee1996,
  title={The {Industrial Revolution} in {B}elgium},
  author={Van der Wee, Herman},
  booktitle={The {Industrial Revolution} in national context: {E}urope and the {USA}},
  editor={Teich, Mikul{´a}{\v s} and Porter, Roy},
  pages={64--77},
  year={1996},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press},
  address={Cambridge}
}

@book{vanneck1979,
  title={Les d{\'e}buts de la machine {\`a} vapeur dans l'industrie {B}elge, 1800-1850},
  author={Van Neck, Anne},
  year={1979},
  series={Histoire Quantitative et Développement de la {B}elgique},
  publisher={Palais des Académies},
  address={Brussels}
}

@article{vanoverfelt2009,
  title={Do universal banks create value? {U}niversal bank affiliation and company performance in {B}elgium, 1905--1909},
  author={Van Overfelt, Wouter and Annaert, Jan and De Ceuster, Marc and Deloof, Marc},
  journal={Explorations in Economic History},
  volume={46},
  number={2},
  pages={253--265},
  year={2009},
  publisher={Elsevier}
}

@article{vanthemsche1983,
  title={De {B}elgische overheid en de kartels tijdens het interbellum: {S}ituering en analyse van de wetgeving op de verplichte kartelvorming},
  author={Vanthemsche, Guy},
  journal={Revue belge de Philologie et d'Histoire},
  volume={61},
  number={4},
  pages={851--894},
  year={1983},
  publisher={Pers{\'e}e-Portail des revues scientifiques en SHS}
}

@article{vanthemsche1995,
  title={De geschiedenis van de {B}elgische werkgeversorganisaties: {A}nkerpunten en onderzoekshorizonten},
  author={Vanthemsche, Guy},
  journal={NEHA-Bulletin},
  volume={9},
  number={1},
  pages={3--20},
  year={1995}
}

@techreport{verboven2022,
  author = {Verboven, Frank and Yontcheva, Biliana},
  title  = {Private Monopoly and Restricted Entry: {E}vidence from the Notary Profession},
  year   = {2022},
  type = {Working paper},
  institution = {KU Leuven}
}

@article{wautelet1975,
  title={Accumulation et rentabilit{\'e} du capital dans les charbonnages {B}elges, 1850-1914},
  author={Wautelet, Jean-Marie},
  journal={Recherches {\'E}conomiques de Louvain/Louvain Economic Review},
  pages={265--283},
  volume={41},
  number={3},
  year={1975},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@book{wautelet1995,
  title={Structures industrielles et reproduction {\'e}largie du capital en {B}elgique: 1850-1914},
  author={Wautelet, Jean-Marie},
  volume={241},
  year={1995},
  publisher={Academia},
  address={Louvain-la-Neuve}
}

@inbook{wautelet1997,
  title={Accumulation and return on capital in the {B}elgian coal industry, 1850-1914},
  author={Wautelet, Jean-Marie},  
  booktitle={The economic development of {B}elgium since 1870},
  editor={Van der Wee, Herman and Blomme, Jan},
  pages={205--220},
  year={1997},
  publisher={Elgar},
  address={Cheltenham}
}

@article{wibail1934,
  title={L'{\'e}volution {\'e}conomique de l'industrie charbonni{\`e}re {B}elge depuis 1831},
  author={Wibail, Am{\'e}},
  journal={Bulletin de l'Institut des Sciences {\'E}conomiques},
  volume={6},
  number={1},
  pages={3--30},
  year={1934}
}

@article{williamson1987,
  title={Did {E}nglish factor markets fail during the {Industrial Revolution?}},
  author={Williamson, Jeffrey G},
  journal={Oxford Economic Papers},
  volume={39},
  number={4},
  pages={641--678},
  year={1987},
  publisher={JSTOR}
}

@book{williamson1985,
  title={Did {B}ritish capitalism breed inequality?},
  author={Williamson, Jeffrey G},
  year={1985},
  publisher={Allen and Unwin},
  address={Boston}
}

@article{wollmann2018,
  title={Trucks without bailouts: {E}quilibrium product characteristics for commercial vehicles},
  author={Wollmann, Thomas G},
  journal={American Economic Review},
  volume={108},
  number={6},
  pages={1364--1406},
  year={2018},
  publisher={American Economic Association 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203}
}

@article{yarmie1980,
  title={Employers' organizations in mid-{Victorian England}},
  author={Yarmie, Andrew H},
  journal={International Review of Social History},
  volume={25},
  number={2},
  pages={209--235},
  year={1980},
  publisher={Cambridge University Press}
}

@article{yeh2022,
  title={Monopsony in the {U.S.} labor market},
  author={Yeh, Chen and Macaluso, Claudia and Hershbein, Brad},
Volume = {112},
Number = {7},
Year = {2022},
Pages = {2099-2138},
  journal={American Economic Review}
}


@misc{admbxl,
author = {{Administration des Mines}},
title = {Inventaire des archives de la Deuxi{\`e}me inspection g{\'e}n{\'e}rale des mines: {L}i{\`e}ge (1831--1933)},
year = {1831--1933},
note = {BE-A0510.254, Series 101--124 \& 179--204},
publisher = {State Archives in Belgium, Brussels},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{admlieg,
author = {{Administration des Mines}},
title = {Inventaire des archives des 7e, 8e et 9e arrondissements des mines de 
{L}i{\`e}ge},
year = {1810--1955},
note = {BE-A0523.1064},
publisher = {State Archives in Belgium, Li{\`e}ge},
address = {Li{\`e}ge} 
}

@misc{admnam,
author = {{Administration des Mines}},
title = {Inventaire des archives de la Direction de l'arrondissement de {N}amur de l'{Administration des Mines}: {V}ersement 1948},
year = {1801--1932},
note = {BE-A0525.53},
publisher = {State Archives in Belgium, Namur},
address = {Namur} 
}

@misc{annales,
author = {{Administration des Mines}},
title = {Annales des Mines de {Belgique}},
year = {1896--1913},
publisher = {Minist{\`e}re de l'Industrie et du Travail},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{assocation1931,
author = {{Association charbonnière (...)}},
year = {1931},
title = {L'Association charbonnière et l'industrie houillière des bassins de {C}harleroi et de la {Basse-Sambre}},
address = {Couillet},
publisher = {{\'E}ditions Sog{\'e}di {S.A.}}
}
@misc{bulletin1869,
author = {{{Union} des charbonnages (...)}},
title = {Bulletin de l'{Union} des charbonnages, mines et usines m{\'e}tallurgiques de la province de {L}i{\`e}ge},
year = {1869--1913},
publisher = {Imprimerie H. Vaillant-Carmanne},
address = {Li{\`e}ge} 
}

@book{demeur1859,
  title={Les soci{\'e}t{\'e}s anonyme de {B}elgique en 1857},
  author={Demeur, Adolphe},
  year={1859},
  publisher={Chez l'{\'E}diteur},
  address={Brussels}
}

@book{demeur1865,
  title={Les soci{\'e}t{\'e}s anonymes de {B}elgique: 1858 {\'a} 1864},
  author={Demeur, Adolphe},
  year={1865},
  publisher={Chez l'{\'E}diteur},
  address={Brussels}
}

@book{demeur1870,
  title={Les soci{\'e}t{\'e}s anonymes de {B}elgique: 1865 {\'a} 1869},
  author={Demeur, Adolphe},
  year={1870},
  publisher={Chez l'{\'E}diteur},
  address={Brussels}
}

@book{demeur1874,
  title={Les soci{\'e}t{\'e}s anonymes de {B}elgique: 1870 {\'a} 1873},
  author={Demeur, Adolphe},
  year={1874},
  publisher={Chez l'{\'E}diteur},
  address={Brussels}
}

@book{demeur1876,
  title={Les soci{\'e}t{\'e}s commerciales: {A}ctes et documents à partir de la mise en vigueur de la loi du 18 mai 1873 jusqu'au 1er janvier 1876},
  author={Demeur, Adolphe},
  year={nd},
  publisher={Chez l'{\'E}diteur},
  address={Brussels}
}

@book{demeur1878,
  title={Les soci{\'e}t{\'e}s commerciales de la {B}elgique: {A}nnées 1876, 1877, 1878},
  author={Demeur, Adolphe},
  year={1878},
  publisher={Chez l'{\'E}diteur},
  address={Brussels}
}

@book{demeur1884,
  title={Les soci{\'e}t{\'e}s commerciales de la Belgique: {A}nn{\'e}es 1879-1884},
  author={Demeur, Adolphe},
  year={1884},
  publisher={Chez l'{\'E}diteur},
  address={Brussels}
}

@misc{enquete1846,
author = {{Minist{\`e}re de l'Int{\'e}rieur}},
title={Enqu{\^e}te sur la condition des classes ouvri{\`e}res et sur le travail des enfants. {T}ome {II}: {R}{\'e}ponses, m{\'e}moires et rapports des Chambres de commerce, des Ing{\'e}nieurs des mines et des Colleges m{\'e}dicaux},
year = {1846},
publisher = {Imprimerie de Th. Lesigne},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{ic1846,
author = {{Statistique de la Belgique}},
title = {Industrie. {R}ecensement g{\'e}n{\'e}ral. 15 octobre 1846.},
year = {1846},
publisher = {Ministre de l'Int{\'e}rieur},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{enquete1869,
author = {{Minist{\`e}re des Travaux Publics}},
title={R{\'e}sultats de l'enqu{\^e}te ouverte par les officiers de {Corps des Mines} mines sur la situation des ouvriers dans les mines et les usines m{\'e}tallurgiques de la {B}elgique},
year = {1869},
publisher = {Imprimerie Bruylant-Christophe et Compagnie},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{commission1886vol1,
author = {{Commission du Travail}},
title = {Commission du travail institu{\'e}e par arr{\^e}t{\'e} royal du 15 avril 1886. {R}{\'e}ponses au questionnaire concernant le travail industriel},
volume = {I},
year = {1887},
publisher = {Imprimerie A. Lesigne},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{commission1886vol3,
author = {{Commission du Travail}},
title = {Commission du travail institu{\'e}e par arr{\^e}t{\'e} royal du 15 avril 1886. {R}apports, propositions des sections et conclusions},
volume = {III},
year = {1887},
publisher = {Imprimerie A. Lesigne},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{ic1896vol1,
author = {{Office du Travail}},
title = {Recensement g{\'e}n{\'e}ral des industries {\&} des m{\'e}tiers (31 octobre 1896): {V}olume {I}: R{\'e}partion par commune des industries et des m{\'e}tiers: {A}nvers, {B}rabant, {F}landre {O}ccidentale, {F}landre Orientale},
year = {1896},
publisher = {Hayez},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{ic1896vol2,
author = {{Office du Travail}},
title = {Recensement g{\'e}n{\'e}ral des industries {\&} des m{\'e}tiers (31 octobre 1896): {V}olume {II}: R{\'e}partion par commune des industries et des m{\'e}tiers: {H}ainaut, {L}i{\`e}ge, {L}imbourg, {L}uxembourg, {N}amur},
year = {1896},
publisher = {Hayez},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{ic1896vol18,
author = {{Office du Travail}},
title = {Recensement g{\'e}n{\'e}ral des industries {\&} des m{\'e}tiers (31 octobre 1896): {V}olume {XVIII}: {E}xpos{\'e} G{\'e}n{\'e}ral des m{\'e}thodes et des r{\'e}sultats},
year = {1896},
publisher = {P. Weissenbruch},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{greves1896,
author = {{Office du Travail}},
title = {Statistique des Gr{\`e}ves en {B}elgique: 1896-1900},
year = {1903},
publisher = {J. Leb{\`e}gue \& Compagnie},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{greves1901,
author = {{Office du Travail}},
title = {Statistique des Gr{\`e}ves en {B}elgique: 1901-1905},
year = {1907},
publisher = {J. Leb{\`e}gue \& Compagnie},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@misc{greves1906,
author = {{Office du Travail}},
title = {Statistique des Gr{\`e}ves et Lock-out en {B}elgique: 1906-1910},
year = {1911},
publisher = {J. Leb{\`e}gue \& Compagnie},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@book{laureyssens1975,
  title={Industri{\"e}le naamloze vennootschappen in {B}elgi{\"e} 1819-1857},
  author={Laureyssens, Julienne},
  volume={78},
  year={1975},
  publisher={Nauwelaerts},
  address={Leuven}
}

@book{rf1893,
  title={Le Recueil Financier Annuel: 1893-1894},
  author={{Recueil Financier}},
  address={Brussels},
  year={1893},
  publisher={l'Industrie}
}

{trioen1839,
  title={Collection des statuts de toutes les soci{\'e}t{\'e}s anonymes et en commandite par actions de la {B}elgique},
  author={Trioen, Louis Fran{\c{c}}ois Bernard},
  ad\'edress={Brussels},
  year={1839},
  publisher={Chez l'Auteur}
}
@misc{mines1858,
author = {{Statistique de la Belgique}},
title = {Mines, mini{\`e}res, usines min{\'e}ralurgiques et machines {\`a} vapeur: 1851 {\`a} 1855},
year = {1858},
publisher = {Ministre de l'Int{\'e}rieur},
address = {Brussels} ,
}

@misc{revuedutravail,
author = {{Office du Travail du Belgique}},
title = {Revue du Travail},
year = {1896--1913},
publisher = {Minist{\`e}re de l'Industrie et du Travail},
address = {Brussels} 
}

@Comment{jabref-meta: databaseType:bibtex;}


@misc{queteletpolitics,
author = {{Quetelet Center}},
title = {De gemeenteraadsverkiezingen van 1899: {D}igitale uitgave van de resultaten op basis van het archief van {Binnenlandse Zaken}. {H}istorical Database of Local Statistics ({LOKSTAT}).},
year = {},
publisher = {Quetelet Center for Quantitative Historical Research, University of Ghent},
address = {Ghent} 
}

@misc{quetelettransport,
author = {{Quetelet Center}},
title = {Transportinfrastructuur: {T}oegang van de {B}elgische gemeenten tot de bevaarbare waterwegen (1800-1970), spoorwegen (1835-1939) en buurtspoorwegen (1885-1939); Afstand van de woonkern tot de stations (1869, 1896). Historical {D}atabase of Local Statistics ({LOKSTAT}).},
year = {},
publisher = {Quetelet Center for Quantitative Historical Research, University of Ghent},
address = {Ghent} 
}
@misc{pc,
author = {{Statistique de la Belgique}},
title = {Population. {R}ecensement g{\'e}n{\'e}ral. 31 d{\'e}cembre 1866/1880/1890.},
year = {},
publisher = {Minist{\`e}re de l'Int{\'e}rieur},
address = {Brussels} 
}
@misc{sncv1887,
    title = {Rapport présenté par le Conseil d'Administration (année...)},
    author = {{Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Vicinaux}},
    year = {1888--1913},
    address = {Bruxelles},
    publisher = {Typographie et Lithographie E. Guyot}
}
@misc{nmbs1845,
    title = {Compte rendu des opérations des chemins de fer de l'{\'E}tat pendant l'année...},
    author = {{Ministre des Chemins de Fer, Postes et Télégraphes}},
    year = {1845--1913},
    address = {Bruxelles},
    publisher = {Chambre des Représentants de Belgique}
}

